Ancient Egypt was a civilization that thrived in the northeastern part of Africa from around 3100 BCE to 30 BCE.

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, and railways.

Climatology (from Greek , klima, "slope"; and , -logia) or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate, typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years.

A drainage basin, also known as a catchment area or watershed, is an area of land where all water flows to a common outlet, such as a river, stream, or lake.

Drinking water is a vital resource that is essential for the health and well-being of humans.

Earth is the third planet from the Sun in our solar system and the only known celestial body to support life.

An Earth observation satellite or Earth remote sensing satellite is a satellite used or designed for Earth observation (EO) from orbit, including spy satellites and similar ones intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, cartography and others.

Earth science is a field of study that combines elements of several scientific disciplines, including geology, meteorology, oceanography, and astronomy, to understand the processes and interactions that shape the Earth and its environment.