Crimes against humanity are a category of international criminal offenses that involve the widespread or systematic targeting of a civilian population by individuals, groups, or governments.

France is a country located in Western Europe.

The Geneva Conventions are a series of international treaties and protocols that establish the standards of humane treatment during armed conflicts and other emergencies.

Genocide, as defined by the United Nations, refers to any act committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group by killing its members, causing serious bodily or mental harm to them, or deliberately inflicting conditions leading to their physical destruction.

The International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) was founded in 2001 as a non-profit organization dedicated to pursuing accountability for mass atrocity and human rights abuse through transitional justice mechanisms.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN), established in 1945 under the UN Charter.

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR; Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda; Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga Rwashyiriweho u Rwanda) was an international court established in November 1994 by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 955 in order to adjudicate people charged for the Rwandan genocide and other serious violations of international law in Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.