Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins and play crucial roles in various biological processes.

Chemical reactions are the processes that result in the transformation of one or more chemical substances into different substances.

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in all aerobic organisms to generate energy.

DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA strands during DNA replication.

Fluorescence is a phenomenon in which certain atoms or molecules absorb and then re-emit light of a different, usually longer, wavelength.

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that allows organisms to generate glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as amino acids, glycerol, and lactate.

Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and organs of the body.