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They contain an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) bonded to a central carbon atom, along with a variable side chain. There are 20 standard amino acids that are commonly found in living organisms, each with its unique characteristics and properties. Amino acids are essential for protein synthesis, where they are connected via peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. These chains can fold into specific three-dimensional structures, enabling proteins to perform their specific functions in the body. Amino acids also have important roles in metabolism, acting as intermediates in various metabolic pathways. The 20 standard amino acids can be classified into different categories based on the properties of their side chains. These categories include polar, nonpolar, acidic, and basic amino acids. Each group has specific chemical properties that determine their interactions with other molecules and their behavior in biological processes. In addition to their role in protein synthesis, amino acids also have other functions. Some serve as neurotransmitters or precursors for neurotransmitters, while others act as signal molecules that regulate various physiological processes. Amino acids are also important in cell signaling pathways, gene expressions, and the immune response. Deficiencies in certain amino acids can have detrimental effects on health. For example, phenylketonuria is a genetic disorder caused by the inability to process the amino acid phenylalanine, leading to severe cognitive impairments. On the other hand, excess intake of certain amino acids, such as tyrosine, can cause health problems as well. Understanding the properties and functions of amino acids is crucial in various fields, including biochemistry, nutrition, medicine, and biotechnology. Scientists and researchers continue to study amino acids to uncover their roles in health and disease, and to develop new therapeutic interventions and dietary recommendations.