Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a highly regulated form of cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

Catalysis is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by the presence of a substance called a catalyst.

The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is a biological membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of cells.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a small molecule that plays a crucial role in cellular signaling.

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Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.

A neurotransmitter is a chemical substance that transmits signals from one neuron to another across a synapse.