Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that is involved in energy transfer within cells.

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in all aerobic organisms to generate energy.

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that allows organisms to generate glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as amino acids, glycerol, and lactate.

Guanine (symbol G or Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell surface receptors involved in various physiological functions in organisms.

A microtubule is a microscopic tubular structure found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule that plays a crucial role in the process of protein synthesis.