Atmospheric science is the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its various inner-working physical processes.

Climatology (from Greek , klima, "slope"; and , -logia) or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate, typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years.

Environmental protection is an important field that encompasses various measures and initiatives undertaken to safeguard the natural environment from harm or degradation caused by human activities.

Evaporation is a process by which a substance, usually in liquid form, transitions into a gaseous state.

The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) was established in 1992 as an outcome of the Second World Climate Conference, to ensure that the observations and information needed to address climate-related issues are obtained and made available to all potential users.

Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and drainage basin sustainability.

The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC/UNESCO) was established by resolution 2.