The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station is a research station located at the geographic South Pole.

The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) is a collection of agreements and measures that regulate human activity in Antarctica.

Earth science is a field of study that combines elements of several scientific disciplines, including geology, meteorology, oceanography, and astronomy, to understand the processes and interactions that shape the Earth and its environment.

Gravity is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward one another.

High-speed rail, also known as high-speed trains or bullet trains, refers to a type of railway transportation system that allows trains to operate at significantly higher speeds than conventional trains.

The International Astronautical Federation (IAF) is an international space advocacy organization based in Paris, and founded in 1951 as a non-governmental organization to establish a dialogue between scientists around the world and to lay the information for international space cooperation.

The United Nations General Assembly declared 2008 as the International Year of Planet Earth to increase awareness of the importance of Earth sciences for the advancement of sustainable development.

The ionosphere is a region of Earth's upper atmosphere, extending from about 60 kilometers (37 miles) to 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) above the planet's surface.