Indus Valley Civilisation
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. It existed from around 3300 to 1300 BCE and is considered one of the world's earliest urban civilizations.
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It existed from around 3300 to 1300 BCE and is considered one of the world's earliest urban civilizations. The civilization flourished around the Indus River system and was characterized by sophisticated city planning, advanced agriculture and trade networks, and remarkable achievements in arts and crafts. The Indus Valley Civilization had several large cities, such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, which possessed well-planned grid layouts, advanced sewage and drainage systems, and multi-story buildings. These urban centers were also known for their elaborate brick constructions, including the distinctive "Great Bath" found at Mohenjo-daro. Agriculture played a crucial role in the civilization's economy. The Indus Valley people cultivated a wide range of crops, including wheat, barley, peas, and dates, and may have had advanced irrigation systems to support their agricultural activities. They also engaged in trade, with evidence of long-distance commerce with regions as far as Mesopotamia. The writing system developed by the Indus Valley Civilization, known as the Indus script, remains undeciphered and poses a challenge to scholars. This script is found on various artifacts, such as seals and pottery, and suggests that the civilization had a complex system of communication. The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization remains a topic of debate among historians and archaeologists. Theories include environmental factors such as climate change, floods, and shifts in river courses, as well as the possibility of invasions or internal conflicts. Despite its decline, the Indus Valley Civilization had a lasting impact on subsequent cultures in the Indian subcontinent. The Wikipedia page on the Indus Valley Civilization provides a comprehensive overview of this ancient civilization, covering its history, archaeology, urban planning, art, agriculture, trade, writing system, and theories on its decline. It is a valuable resource for anyone interested in learning about the fascinating civilization that once thrived in the Indus River valley.