In superconductivity, a fluxon (also called an Abrikosov vortex or quantum vortex) is a vortex of supercurrent in a type-II superconductor, used by Alexei Abrikosov to explain magnetic behavior of type-II superconductors.

The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States.

The Wikipedia page "List of Jewish Nobel laureates" provides a comprehensive list of all Jewish individuals who have been awarded the Nobel Prize.

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a premier institution in the United States that advises the government on scientific matters.

The Nobel Prize in Physics is one of the prestigious awards given annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to individuals who have made outstanding contributions in the field of physics.

A physician, medical doctor, or doctor, is a professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining, or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.

Physics is the natural science that studies matter, energy, and their interactions.

Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is a field of theoretical physics that aims to explain the behavior of light and matter at the quantum level.