Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins and play crucial roles in various biological processes.

ATPases ( Adenosine 5'-TriPhosphatase, adenylpyrophosphatase, ATP monophosphatase, triphosphatase, SV40 T-antigen, ATP hydrolase, complex V (mitochondrial electron transport), (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase, HCO3−-ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase) are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion or the inverse reaction.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that have a wide range of shapes and sizes.

Biotechnology is a field of science that combines biology with technology to develop new and innovative products and processes.

Cellulose is a polysaccharide that serves as the structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants.

Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus.

Chromatin is the material that makes up the chromosomes in eukaryotic cells.

A chromosome is a structure found in the cells of organisms that carries their genetic information.