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It is commonly used in the construction of tunnels for roads, railways, and utilities. TBMs have revolutionized tunneling by providing a safe and efficient method for excavation. The Wikipedia page for Tunnel Boring Machine provides a comprehensive overview of these machines. It begins with a brief introduction to TBMs, explaining their purpose and how they work. The page then delves into the history and development of TBMs, dating back to the 19th century. The various types of TBMs, including those used for hard rock, soft ground, and mixed ground conditions, are discussed in detail. Different techniques such as earth pressure balance and slurry shield are explained, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The section on TBM design covers the different components and subsystems of a tunnel boring machine, such as the cutterhead, cutter tools, shield, and thrust system. The page also includes information on the safety measures and environmental considerations associated with TBM operation. The application of TBMs in various projects around the world is highlighted, including notable examples like the Channel Tunnel between the UK and France and the Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel in Seattle. Furthermore, the article goes into the economics of using TBMs, discussing factors like cost, time efficiency, and potential risks. It also touches upon the future of tunnel boring machines, exploring advancements in technology and potential applications. Overall, the Wikipedia page on Tunnel Boring Machines is a thorough resource for anyone interested in understanding the history, mechanics, applications, and future prospects of these remarkable machines used in tunnel construction.