Arthur Ashkin (September 2, 1922 - September 21, 2020) was an American scientist and Nobel laureate who worked at Bell Laboratories and Lucent Technologies.

A femtosecond is a unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) equal to 10−15 or 1/1 000 000 000 000 000 of a second; that is, one quadrillionth, or one millionth of one billionth, of a second.

Gérard Albert Mourou (born 22 June 1944) is a French scientist and pioneer in the field of electrical engineering and lasers.

Infrared is a type of electromagnetic radiation, which lies beyond the visible spectrum of light.

Joule is a unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI).

The Nobel Prize in Physics is one of the prestigious awards given annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to individuals who have made outstanding contributions in the field of physics.

Nuclear fusion is a process in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles.