The California Institute of Technology (Caltech) is a private research university located in Pasadena, California.

The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is a doctoral degree most commonly awarded by universities in recognition of academic research and the culmination of a person's education in a particular field of study.

Fertilisation, also known as conception or impregnation, is a biological process by which a sperm cell combines with an egg cell to form a new organism.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI ) is an in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure in which a single sperm cell is injected directly into the cytoplasm of an egg.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, first awarded in 1901, is one of the prestigious awards presented annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and a department of the University of Oxford.

Physiology is the scientific study of the functions and processes of living organisms.

Reproductive medicine is a branch of medicine concerning the male and female reproductive systems.