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The agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1. 5 degrees Celsius. It also aims to increase the ability of countries to adapt to the impacts of climate change and make finance flows consistent with a low-carbon and climate-resilient pathway. The agreement was negotiated under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and came into effect on November 4, 2016. It builds upon the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, acknowledging that developed countries should take the lead in reducing emissions and providing financial support to developing countries. Under the Paris Agreement, countries are required to submit national climate action plans, known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs), outlining their efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change. These plans are to be updated every five years, with each iteration expected to represent a progression over the previous one. The agreement also establishes a transparency framework to enhance the understanding of countries' efforts and progress in implementing their targets. Furthermore, the Paris Agreement establishes a global goal for adaptation to climate change, including the provision of financial support, technology transfer, and capacity-building to vulnerable countries. It also establishes a mechanism to facilitate the implementation and promotion of market and non-market approaches to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. As of 2021, 197 parties have ratified the Paris Agreement, indicating their commitment to addressing climate change. However, there have been ongoing challenges in achieving the agreement's goals, including the withdrawal of the United States under the Trump administration (subsequently rejoining under the Biden administration), and the need for increased financial support from developed countries to developing countries. Overall, the Paris Agreement represents a significant global effort to address climate change through international cooperation, setting a framework for global climate action and mitigation that seeks to mitigate the most severe impacts of global warming.