Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a highly regulated form of cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

The brain is a complex organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in humans and many other animals.

Cancer is a broad term used to describe a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood.

Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fruit fly that is commonly used as a model organism in genetic and biomedical research.

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar (glucose) levels in the body.