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These rights are inherent to all human beings and are often considered to be essential for the development and well-being of individuals and societies. They include the right to life, liberty, and security of person, as well as the right to equal treatment under the law, freedom of thought and expression, and access to education and healthcare, among others. The concept of human rights emerged in the aftermath of World War II, when the international community recognized the need to prevent the recurrence of such catastrophic events and protect individuals from abuse and oppression. The United Nations (UN) played a key role in promoting and protecting human rights, adopting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948. The declaration serves as a common standard for all nations and lays down fundamental human rights principles. Since the adoption of the UDHR, numerous international treaties and conventions have been developed to safeguard human rights. States that ratify these treaties commit themselves to respect, protect, and fulfill the rights enshrined within them. Additionally, regional human rights systems, such as the European Convention on Human Rights and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, have been established to address specific regional contexts. Human rights violations continue to persist around the world, ranging from discrimination and inequality to torture and extrajudicial killings. Advocates and organizations work tirelessly to promote and protect human rights, often by raising awareness, advocating for policy changes, and providing legal aid to victims. Furthermore, many countries have incorporated human rights into their national constitutions and legal systems. Human rights are not universally embraced, as cultural relativism, political interests, and conflicting interpretations sometimes challenge their universality. Critics argue that Western values prevail in human rights discussions and that certain rights might clash with cultural, religious, or societal norms. Nonetheless, the principle of human rights remains extensively recognized and serves as a basis for establishing laws, policies, and accountability mechanisms worldwide.