The Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research is one of the prizes awarded by the Lasker Foundation for a fundamental discovery that opens up a new area of biomedical science.

The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States.

The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) is the world's oldest and largest professional association related to cancer research.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity.

The American Cancer Society (ACS) is a nationwide non-profit organization dedicated to eliminating cancer.

The American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) is a professional society that was founded in 1960.

A chromosome is a structure found in the cells of organisms that carries their genetic information.

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions.