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They were formulated by the physicist Albert Einstein in 1915, and are considered the cornerstone of his theory. The equations relate the curvature of spacetime to the distribution of matter and energy within it. They express a fundamental relationship between matter-energy and the geometry of spacetime, encapsulating the idea that mass and energy determine the curvature of spacetime, and in turn, the curvature of spacetime determines the motion of matter-energy. The Einstein field equations have been immensely successful in predicting various phenomena, such as the bending of light around massive objects and the existence of black holes. They have also been critical in understanding the expansion of the universe and the early stages of its evolution. The equations continue to be a subject of intense research and study in the field of theoretical physics, as scientists seek to uncover the secrets of the universe and reconcile gravity with the other fundamental forces of nature.