Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that is involved in energy transfer within cells.

The bicarbonate buffer system is an acid-base homeostatic mechanism involving the balance of carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate ion (HCOb=3|p=−), and carbon dioxide (CO2) in order to maintain pH in the blood and duodenum, among other tissues, to support proper metabolic function.

Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20.

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down organic molecules, such as glucose, to produce energy in the form of ATP.

A chloroplast is a specialized organelle found in plant cells and some algae.

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of proteins located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that plays a crucial role in cellular respiration.

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions.