An algorithm is a mathematical or logical formula designed to solve a specific problem or complete a specific task.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity.

The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) is a US-based international learned society for computing.

Computer Science is the study of computers and computational systems.

The DARPA Grand Challenge is a prize competition for American autonomous vehicles, funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the most prominent research organization of the United States Department of Defense.

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense that is responsible for the development of various advanced technologies for military use.

The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is a doctoral degree most commonly awarded by universities in recognition of academic research and the culmination of a person's education in a particular field of study.