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These procedures can be either open-heart surgeries, where the chest is opened for direct access to the heart, or minimally invasive surgeries, which involve small incisions and the use of specialized instruments and cameras. The field of cardiothoracic surgery includes a wide range of procedures, such as bypass surgery to reroute blood flow around blocked arteries, valve repair or replacement to treat heart valve diseases, heart transplant for end-stage heart failure, and repair of congenital heart defects in children. It also encompasses surgeries to treat diseases of the lungs, esophagus, and other thoracic organs. Cardiothoracic surgeons are highly specialized professionals who undergo extensive training to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge for performing complex heart surgeries. They work closely with other medical professionals, including cardiologists, anesthesiologists, and nurses, to ensure the best possible outcomes for their patients. Throughout history, cardiothoracic surgery has made significant advancements, with groundbreaking techniques and technologies continuously being developed. These advancements have led to improved outcomes, reduced complications, and shorter recovery times for patients. The Wikipedia page on cardiothoracic surgery provides a comprehensive overview of this medical specialty. It covers the history, training requirements, and various surgical procedures performed by cardiothoracic surgeons. It also includes information on patient preparation, the surgical process, and postoperative care. Additionally, the page discusses the risks and complications associated with cardiothoracic surgery, as well as the potential benefits and outcomes. Overall, the Wikipedia page on cardiothoracic surgery serves as a valuable resource for both medical professionals and the general public, offering detailed information on this specialized field of surgery.