An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein produced by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response in the body.

An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays an antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on its surface; this process is known as antigen presentation.

Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a highly regulated form of cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

Basic research is a type of scientific research that is conducted to expand knowledge and understanding of fundamental principles without any specific application or immediate practical use in mind.

Cancer is a broad term used to describe a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body.

Carbohydrates are a type of biological molecule that serve as a major source of energy for living organisms.