The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity.

Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a highly regulated form of cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

The central nervous system (CNS) is a complex network of nerves and cells that control the functions of the body.

The Wikipedia page "Doctor of Medicine" provides a comprehensive overview of the professional degree awarded to medical practitioners around the world.

The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is a doctoral degree most commonly awarded by universities in recognition of academic research and the culmination of a person's education in a particular field of study.

Glia is a type of neural cell that was traditionally thought to provide support and insulation to neurons in the central nervous system (CNS).

Harvard Medical School is a prestigious graduate medical school located in Boston, Massachusetts.

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.