The American Physical Society (APS) is a not-for-profit membership organization of professionals in physics and related disciplines, comprising nearly fifty divisions, sections, and other units.

Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect observed in multilayers composed of alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic conductive layers.

The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP; ) is an international non-governmental organization whose mission is to assist in the worldwide development of physics, to foster international cooperation in physics, and to help in the application of physics toward solving problems of concern to humanity.

The Nobel Prize in Physics is one of the prestigious awards given annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to individuals who have made outstanding contributions in the field of physics.

Paris is the capital city of France and one of the most famous and influential cities in the world.

A physicist is a scientist who specializes in the field of physics.

Physics is the natural science that studies matter, energy, and their interactions.

The University of Paris was a renowned educational institution in Paris, France, and one of the earliest universities established in Europe.